Mughal Dynasty

 History of India is really interesting with plenty of controversial incident,rulers,and dynasty. Indian subcontinent very popular among the Greeks, Arab , and Muslim worlds.During the medieval period plenty of invaders attack on Indian subcontinent . Mahmud of Ghazni raided northwestern Indian subcontinent 17 times and plunder the wealth of India famously Somnath temple.After that Mahammad Ghuri invaded India and established slave dynasty. In 1398 CE Timur or Tamerlane invaded northern India and sacked every city which he crossed and . In Delhi Timur almost executed 100000 captives and caused a bloody massacre within city walls. After almost more than 100 years later Babur attacked India but he was not a invader instead he wanted to rule over India and that moment Babur laid the cornerstone of the Mughal Empire which ruled India 330 years and leave a great impact politically,socially and economically.

India before Mughal Invasion - Before Mughal Invasion Indian subcontinent divided in small kingdoms. Rajputana ruled by the Hindu Rajputs confederacy led by Rana Sanga. Delhi and Agra was under the Lodi Dynasty which made them main power in India. Due to Sultan Ibrahim lodi's policy of sheer repression and his rash and impolitic decision and action made him very unpopular and that led his downfall too.His Afghan nobility invite Babur to invade India. Babur easily enter India without any opposition because Rajput also wanted to overthrow Ibrahim Lodi.

Foundation of Mughal Empire - Babur defeated Ibrahim lodi in First battle of Panipat in 1526. Babur was a superior military commander and his army was well organised. He founded the Mughal Empire and when Rana Sanga know about the intention of Babur to stay in India Rana prepared a army of Rajputs and Afghans . The main motive of the alliance was force Babur to leave India . In the year of 1527 battle of Khanwa fought between Rana and Babur which eventually won by Babur . Due to Babur's military preparation and introduction of cannon change the course of battle which gives shocks to Rajput Army. after that defeat Rajput Confederacy shattered which also consolidated Mughal Empire . Babur died in Agra on 1530 CE and after his death Humayun his elder son succeeded and become the second Mughal Emperor. Humayun was one of the most unfortunate Emperor because most of times his own brothers betrayed him and it consumed his most of times and that the reason he lost his kingdom Sher Shah Suri but after the death of Sher Shah Suri and with the help of his loyal friends he regained it in 1555 CE just before his death.Humayun failed to stabilized Mughal Empire but still he managed to regained it.

  Peak of Mughal Empire - When Humayun died that time Akbar was just 14 year old and he becomes king under his regent Bairam Khan who helped Akbar expand and stabilized Mughal  rule in India.Under Akbar Mughal Empire expand with very quickly and mainly due to his  political sense and administration which allow to flourished Mughal Empire.Under the Akbar first time Mughal Empire look stable and dominate Indian Subcontinent. During the rule of Akbar Mughal Empire expand much of Indian subcontinent . Some of historian criticized Akbar for his massacre on Rajput but that also set example for Rajputs and install fear in them which prevent them to make any conspiracy against Mughal Empire. Akbar was a strong personality and successful general and his strong political sense made him different among the other Mughal Emperors. Babur laid the foundation of Mughal Dynasty but Akbar provide stability which was the one reason that despite regular wars and rebellions empire flourished very rapidly. Reign of Akbar strongly influenced Indian History. Akbar was the first Mughal ruler who win the loyally and trust of the native peoples of India which his grandfather and father failed to do. Akbars's policy of matrimonial alliance was another masterstroke which allow him to make peace with long age old  rivalry between Mughals and Rajpoots. In royal court of Akbar he allowed Hindu nobility to acquire high ranks which resulted in exchange of thoughts and blending of culture.According to some historian Akbar was quite liberal on religious matter which also earn him respect and most of time Akbar sponsored religious debates and philosophical matters.He also comes with idea of new religion Din-e-llahi. Akbar adopted the land revenue system which had been used by Sher shah Suri . Akbar believed to die on 27 October 1605 and in time of death Mughal Empire was very much stable and well organised. Salim known by his name Jahangir crowned after the death of Akbar. Jahangir is widely considered to have been a weak and incapable ruler due to his addiction of wine and opium. Nur Jahan occupies an important place in the history of Jahangir due to her control over Jahangir. Nur Jahan married to Jahangir in 1611. It was rumored Jahangir had a hand in the death of his husband. Nur Jahan quickly rose in power and considered as most powerful and influential women at the court. She considered the real power behind the throne for more than 15 years. Jahangir died in 1627 and buried in lahore. After death of Jahangir war of succession arise between princes and Shahjahan emerged victories and killed his other brothers. He was widely considered on of the greatest Mughal Emperor. Shah Jaha mostly know for his architectural achievements although he was an able military commander. Reign of Shahjaha consider as Golden Age of Mughal architecture. During the time of Shahjaha many commissioned many monuments , Taj mahal was one best know for it which he made in the memory of Mumtaz Mahal.In 1657 Shah Jaha fell serious ill which set a bloody war of succession, and among his four sons Aurangzeb emerged victorious and he killed his other brother brutally later his father recovered but then Aurangzed put him under house arrest where he died in 1666. Aurangzeb or Alamgir was the sixth Mughal ruler who ruled entire Indian subcontinent for a period of 49 years. In the war of sucession he emerged victorious and become the ruler of Mughal Empire.He was an accomplished military leader who dedicate his whole life to expansion of Mughal Empire. He was noble expansionist but he also has been described as the most controversial ruler in Indian History. Aurangzeb has been subject to criticism due to his execution of Dara Shikoh, ninth guru of sikhs Guru Tegh Bahadur and Maratha King Sambhaji. Due to these executions he always faced rebellions which slowly weaken Mughal Empire. Aurangzeb was widely considered last effective Mughal Emperor. During his reign he make Islam a dominating force which brought him conflicts with others. Aurangzeb's prohibition on music gambling consumption of alcohol attract criticism towards him which made him more controversial. In 1707 Aurangzeb died in the age of 89 and death of Aurangzeb also considered as end of Medieval Indian History. This is also marked as the decline of Mughal Empire. 

Decline of Mughal Empire - After the death of Aurangzeb Mughal Empire decline quickly due to succession wars and multiple rebellions also weaken the Mughal Empire and weak successor of Aurangzeb which were incapable to maintain the big empire. Within decades of Aurangzeb death Mughal Empire shrieked gradually and emperor had little power beyond the walls of Delhi.